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Editor, Andrew Wilson

Restraint And Moderation

Admonitions to refrain from evil, which are found in every religion, open this section. Notable is restraint in Jainism, where ahimsa (non-violence) is practiced to the extent that one is careful as one walks, eats, drinks, and breathes not to kill even insects or microscopic animals.

There are admonitions to refrain from acting wrongly, even when the mind is full of evil promptings, or when the crowd is urging. Silence and discretion are valuable allies in this regard. Some texts, in various ways, urge us to set up a fence and honor a clear boundary line, marked by prohibitions and moral principles, so that good and evil may be clearly distinguished. The ground must be swept clean of confusing debris, and areas of gray avoided, lest we fall unwittingly into a mistake.

This section concludes with passages which counsel moderation in all things. Excessive behavior of any kind--stinginess or profligacy, mortification of the flesh or drowning in sense pleasures, self-righteous action or action to please others--should be eschewed in favor of the Golden Mean or Middle Path.

Forsake the outward sin, and the inward; surely the earners of sin shall be recompensed for what they have earned.

Islam. Qur'an 6.120

Just as a wealthy merchant with only a small escort avoids a perilous route; just as one desiring to live avoids poison; even so should one shun evil things.

Buddhism. Dhammapada 123

Good is restraint in deed; good is restraint in speech; good is restraint in mind; good is restraint in everything. The bhikkhu, restrained at all points, is freed from sorrow.

Buddhism. Dhammapada 361

Realizing the retributive nature of karmas, a wise man refrains from accumulating them.

Jainism. Acarangasutra 4.51

The highest charity is refraining from violence.

Hinduism. Srimad Bhagavatam 11.12

Let him who believes in Allah and the last day either speak good or be silent.

Islam. Forty Hadith of an-Nawawi 15

The very first principle of religion laid down by Lord Mahavira is Ahimsa--Non-injury to living beings--which must be observed very scrupulously and thoroughly, and behaving towards all living beings with proper restraint and control.

Jainism. Dashavaikalika Sutra 6.9

He who acts, harms; he who grabs, lets slip. Therefore the sage does not act, and so does not harm, Does not grab, and so does not let slip.

Taoism. Tao Te Ching 64

Dhammapada 361: Cf. Dhammapada 183, p. 715; Majjhima Nikaya i.415, p. 465. On restraint of speech, see Dhammapada 133, p. 497. Acarangasutra 4.51: Karma is accumulated through evil deeds and desires, but most especially through crimes of violence against other creatures; see below. Tao Te Ching 64: In the Tao Te Ching, any form of acquisitiveness or activism is out of harmony with the Tao, and will lead to bad results.

Restrain thyself with those that call upon their Lord at morning and evening, desiring His countenance, and let not thine eyes turn away from them, desiring the adornments of the present life; and obey not him whose heart We have made neglectful of Our remembrance so that he follows his own lust, and his affair has become all excess.

Islam. Qur'an 18.8

Why endeavor in the way of evil, As therefrom is received evil retribution? If you take a long view, you would not practice evil at all. Throw your dice in a manner That with the Lord you lose not the game. Direct your endeavor to profit.

Sikhism. Adi Granth, Asa-ki-Var, M.1, p. 474

A single bangle does not make a sound.

African Traditional Religions. Igala Proverb (Nigeria)

Verily God forgives my people the evil promptings which arise within their hearts as long as they do not speak about them and did not act upon them.

Islam. Hadith of Muslim

Mencius said, "Only when a man will not do some things is he capable of doing great things."

Confucianism. Mencius IV.B.8

The emptiest of you are as well-packed with religious observances as a pomegranate with seeds. For everyone who has the opportunity of committing a sin and escapes it and refrains from doing it performs a highly religious act. How much more, then, is this true of those "behind your veil," the modest and self-restrained among you!

Judaism. Midrash, Canticles Rabbah 4.4.3

Under the sway of strong impulse, the man who is devoid of self-control willfully commits deeds that he knows to be fraught with future misery. But the man of discrimination, even though moved by desires, at once be- comes conscious of the evil that is in them, and does not yield to their influence but remains unattached.

Hinduism. Srimad Bhagavatam 11.7

My son, if sinners entice you, do not consent. If they say, "Come with us, let us lie in wait for blood, let us wantonly ambush the innocent; like Sheol let us swallow them alive and whole, like those who go down to the Pit; we shall find all precious goods, we shall fill our houses with spoil; throw in your lot among us, we will all have one purse"-- my son, do not walk in the way with them, hold back your foot from their paths; for their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed blood.

Judaism and Christianity. Proverbs 1.10-16

Igala Proverb: It takes two to quarrel, so do not accuse another of being quarrelsome. Hadith of Muslim: Cf. Forty Hadith of an-Nawawi 29, p. 497; Ephesians 4.26-27, p. 923. Canticles Rabbah 4.4.3: This is a midrash on "Your cheeks are like halves of a pomegranate behind your veil" (Song of Solomon 4.3). Srimad Bhagavatam 11.7: Cf. Majjhima Nikaya i.415, p. 465.

Whenever there is attachment in my mind And whenever there is the desire to be angry, I should not do anything nor say anything, But remain like a piece of wood....

Whenever I am eager for praise Or have the desire to blame others; Whenever I have the wish to speak harshly and cause dispute; At such times I should remain like a piece of wood.

Whenever I desire material gain, honor or fame; Whenever I seek attendants or a circle of friends, And when in my mind I wish to be served; At [all] these times I should remain like a piece of wood.

Whenever I have the wish to decrease or to stop working for others And the desire to pursue my own welfare alone, If [motivated by such thoughts] a wish to say something occurs, At these times I should remain like a piece of wood.

Buddhism. Shantideva, Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life 5.48-52

Do only such actions as are blameless.... If at any time there is doubt with regard to right conduct, follow the practice of great souls, who are guileless, of good judgment, and devoted to truth.

Hinduism. Taittiriya Upanishad 1.11.2, 4

Rabbi Akiba said, "Laughter and levity accustom a man to immorality. Tradition is a fence for Torah. Tithes are a fence for riches. Vows are a fence for saintliness. A fence for wisdom is silence."

Judaism. Mishnah, Abot 3.17

What is lawful is obvious, and what is unlawful is obvious; and between them are matters which are ambiguous and of which many people are ignorant. Hence, he who is careful in regard to the ambiguous has justified himself in regard to his religion and his honor; but he who stumbles in the ambiguous has stumbled in the forbidden, as the shepherd pasturing around a sanctuary is on the verge of pasturing in it. Is it not the true that every king has a sanctuary, and is not the sanctuary of God that which He has forbidden?

Islam. Forty Hadith of an-Nawawi 6

Abot 3.17: Cf. Abot 1.1, p. 711 and note; Abot 2.8, p. 959; Sifra 93d, p. 963; I Ching, Great Commentary 1.3.4, p. 902. Forty Hadith of an-Nawawi 6: Muhammad himself was scrupulous in this regard; see Hadith, pp. 658f.

"To spread white rushes underneath. No blame" [Hexagram 28, Preponderence of the Great].

The Master said, "It does well enough simply to place something on the floor. But if one puts white rushes underneath, how could that be a mistake? This is the extreme of caution. Rushes in themselves are worthless, but they can have a very important effect. If one is as cautious as this in all that one does, one remains free of mistakes."

Confucianism. I Ching, Great Commentary 1.8.7

Be generous but not extravagant, be frugal but not miserly.

Islam (Shiite). Nahjul Balagha, Saying 32

However hungry you are, you do not eat with both hands.

African Traditional Religions. Akan Proverb (Ghana)

The master said, "'The Ospreys!' Pleasure not carried to the point of debauch; grief not carried to the point of self-injury."

Confucianism. Analects 3.20

Be not righteous overmuch, and do not make yourself over wise; why should you destroy yourself? Be not wicked overmuch, neither be a fool; why should you die before your time?

Judaism and Christianity. Ecclesiastes 7.16-17

In practicing the ordinary virtues and in the exercise of care in ordinary conversation, when there is deficiency, the superior man never fails to make further effort, and where there is excess, never dares to go to the limit.

Confucianism. Doctrine of the Mean 13.4

That things have being, O Kaccana, constitutes one extreme of doctrine; that things have no being is the other extreme. These extremes have been avoided by the Tathagata, and it is a middle doctrine he teaches.

Buddhism. Samyutta Nikaya xxii.90

Your fame or your person, which is dearer? Your person or your goods, which is worth more? Gain or loss, which is the greater bane? That is why excessive meanness is sure to lead to great expense; Too much store is sure to end in immense loss. Know contentment, and you will suffer no disgrace; Know when to stop, and you will meet with no danger. You can then endure.

Taoism. Tao Te Ching 44

I Ching, Great Commentary 1.8.7: On discretion, see I Ching, Great Commentary 1.8.10, p. 497, 2.5.9, p. 742. Nahjul Balagha, Saying 32: cf. Qur'an 31.19. Akan Proverb: This proverb means that as you restrain yourself when eating to stay within the bounds of good manners, you should also in all things resist temptation and act within the bounds of propriety. Analects 3.20: 'The Ospreys!' refers to Ode 1 of the Book of Songs, p. 255. Confucius interprets this ode as describing a model of conduct according to the Golden Mean: faithfulness in both joy and affliction. Samyutta Nikaya xxii.90: In practice, the 'middle doctrine' (madhyamaka) means avoiding both the extremes of worldliness ('things have being') and total renunciation ('things have no being').

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